4/30/2023 0 Comments Long forgotten fields reviewHe would scare the infants and watch as the monkey ran towards the cloth model. Harlow also used intimidation to prove that the monkey found the cloth “mother” to be superior. The monkey spent the majority of his day next to the cloth “mother” and only around one hour a day next to the wire “mother,” despite the association between the wire model and food. The cloth “mother” served no purpose other than its comforting feel whereas the wire “mother” fed the monkey through a bottle. The monkey was removed from its actual mother which was replaced with two “mothers,” one made of cloth and one made of wire. In the 1950s, Harry Harlow of the University of Wisconsin tested infant dependency using rhesus monkeys in his experiments rather than human babies. Having this fact revealed to the participant after the study concluded would be a clear example of psychological harm. Had the shocks existed and been at the voltage they were labeled, the majority would have actually killed the “learner” in the next room. Milgram learned that the majority of participants followed orders to continue delivering shocks despite the clear discomfort of the “learner.” ![]() Eventually, the actor would start to complain followed by more and more desperate screaming. These shocks would increase in voltage each time. ![]() He or she pressed a button to shock the “learner” each time an incorrect answer was provided. The drawing was rigged so that the participant always took the role of “teacher.” The two were moved into separate rooms and the “teacher” was given instructions. ![]() Each trial had a pair divided into “teacher” and “learner,” but one person was an actor, so only one was a true participant. Participants were under the impression that they were part of a study of memory. He theorized that people are generally inclined to obey authority figures, posing the question, “Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?” In 1961, he began to conduct experiments of obedience. Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram hoped to further understand how so many people came to participate in the cruel acts of the Holocaust. Again, participants were much quicker to react when they thought they were the sole person who could hear the seizure. Darley and Latané played a recording of an actor pretending to have a seizure in the headphones of a person, who believed he or she was listening to an actual medical emergency that was taking place down the hall. The studies became progressively unethical by putting participants at risk of psychological harm. The study showed that the solo participant was much faster to report the smoke than participants who had the exact same experience, but were in a group. Harmless smoke would start to seep into the room after a short amount of time. The pair conducted a study at Columbia University in which they would give a participant a survey and leave him alone in a room to fill out the paper. They were particularly intrigued by the murder of Kitty Genovese, a young woman whose murder was witnessed by many, but still not prevented. In 1968, John Darley and Bibb Latané developed an interest in crime witnesses who did not take action. Some psychological experiments that were designed to test the bystander effect are considered unethical by today’s standards. (The child died of an unrelated illness at age 6, so doctors were unable to determine if his phobias would have lasted into adulthood.) 2. The experiment is considered particularly unethical today because Albert was never desensitized to the phobias that Watson produced in him. Albert began to develop a fear of the white rat as well as most animals and furry objects. Watson started pairing the presence of the rat with the loud sound of a hammer hitting metal. The young boy started the experiment loving animals, particularly a white rat. Watson tested classical conditioning on a 9-month-old baby he called Albert B. Classical conditioning is commonly associated with Ivan Pavlov, who rang a bell every time he fed his dog until the mere sound of the bell caused his dog to salivate. This type of conditioning can create a response in a person or animal towards an object or sound that was previously neutral. Watson conducted a study of classical conditioning, a phenomenon that pairs a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until they produce the same result. At Johns Hopkins University in 1920, John B.
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